Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. (PDF) Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - Academia.edu With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). The Blue Nile River. What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture activities Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. However, the expected level was not achieved. Download. Agriculture in Ethiopia | Infomineo However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Section D. Jorge Morales Pedraza. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. Smallholder Farmers Agricultural Commercialization in Ethiopia: A It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation - allAfrica.com The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. Source: United Nations Comtrade. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. PDF TIGRAY ESIA SOIL CHARACTERISTICS - African Development Bank Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. 2. Cookies on OCLC websites. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 2. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . . To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. Land Degradation in Ethiopia: Causes, Impacts and - IISTE [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. Forestry in Ethiopia - Wikipedia Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Explain The Main Contribution, Potentials, Characteristics, and Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. Major Rivers of Ethiopia | Ethiopia About Ethiopia - EthioVisit.com Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. Elementor #1090 - [] PORTER GHILLIE In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. PDF Characteristics of Agricultural Landscape Features and Local Soil Washington, DC 20230. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture - ResearchGate [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. Wubne, Mulatu. Ethiopia Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey 2013-2014 - World Bank [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. Social and ecological system dynamics : characteristics, trends, and As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Contract farming, cluster approach and land consolidation, Horticulture (irrigation and urban farming), Climate resilient sustainable agricultural development. Section D. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Wubne, Mulatu. State farms sold their output to the AMC. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. Agricultural sample survey. Volume II, Report on livestock and There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. This can be attributed to two factors. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food.
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